This world map was published by the CIA as part of The World Factbook. It is a political map of the world using the Robinson projection.
The Robinson projection was created by Arthur H. Robinson in 1963, at the request of the publisher Rally McNally. From that moment on, it became a popular projection in various American organisations, thanks to achieving a good compromise between shapes, sizes and distances.
You can read more about map projections in this newsletter article: Cartographic projections: distorting the Earth in order to represent it


